1. What is pH?

pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. It is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydronium ion concentration [H₃O⁺].

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the pH formula:

Where:

• \( [H_3O^+] \) — Hydronium ion concentration (mol/L)
• \( \log \) — Logarithm base 10

Explanation: The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity, values above 7 indicating basicity, and 7 being neutral.

3. Importance of pH Calculation

Details: pH measurement is crucial in various fields including chemistry, biology, medicine, environmental science, and industrial processes. It helps determine the chemical behavior of solutions and is essential for maintaining proper conditions in biological systems.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter the hydronium ion concentration in mol/L. The value must be greater than 0. The calculator will compute the corresponding pH value.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the relationship between pH and [H₃O⁺]?
A: pH and [H₃O⁺] have an inverse logarithmic relationship. As [H₃O⁺] increases, pH decreases, indicating higher acidity.

Q2: What are typical pH values for common substances?
A: Pure water has pH 7 (neutral), lemon juice ~2.0 (acidic), baking soda solution ~9.0 (basic).

Q3: Why is the pH scale logarithmic?
A: The logarithmic scale allows representation of the wide range of hydrogen ion concentrations found in solutions (from 1 to 10⁻¹⁴ mol/L) in a compact 0-14 scale.

Q4: How accurate is this calculation?
A: The calculation provides theoretical pH values. Actual measurements may vary due to temperature, ionic strength, and other factors affecting the solution.

Q5: Can this calculator handle very small concentrations?
A: Yes, the calculator can handle concentrations as low as 10⁻¹⁴ mol/L, corresponding to pH 14.