1. What is the pH Formula?

The pH formula calculates the acidity or basicity of a solution by measuring the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. It provides a standardized scale from 0 to 14 that indicates the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the pH formula:

Where:

• \( pH \) — pH value (dimensionless)
• \( [H^+] \) — Hydrogen ion concentration (mol/L)
• \( \log \) — Base-10 logarithm

Explanation: The formula converts hydrogen ion concentration into a logarithmic scale where each whole number change represents a tenfold change in acidity.

3. Importance of pH Calculation

Details: pH calculation is essential in chemistry, biology, environmental science, and many industrial processes. It helps determine the acidity or basicity of solutions, which affects chemical reactions, biological functions, and environmental conditions.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter hydrogen ion concentration in mol/L. The value must be greater than 0. The calculator will compute the corresponding pH value on a scale from 0 to 14.

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the pH scale range?
A: The pH scale typically ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate alkalinity.

Q2: What are typical pH values for common substances?
A: Battery acid: ~0, lemon juice: ~2, pure water: 7, seawater: ~8, baking soda: ~9, ammonia: ~11.

Q3: Why use logarithmic scale for pH?
A: The logarithmic scale compresses the wide range of hydrogen ion concentrations (from 1 to 10⁻¹⁴ mol/L) into a manageable 0-14 scale.

Q4: What is pOH and how is it related to pH?
A: pOH = -log[OH⁻] and pH + pOH = 14 at 25°C. Both measure the acidity/basicity of a solution from different perspectives.

Q5: Are there limitations to pH measurement?
A: pH measurements can be affected by temperature, ionic strength, and the presence of other ions. For precise measurements, calibrated pH meters are recommended.