1. What is the pH Formula?

The pH formula calculates the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution from the hydronium ion concentration. It provides a logarithmic measure of hydrogen ion activity in a solution.

2. How Does the Calculator Work?

The calculator uses the pH formula:

Where:

• \( pH \) — pH value (dimensionless)
• \( [H_3O^+] \) — Hydronium ion concentration (mol/L)

Explanation: The formula uses a negative logarithm (base 10) of the hydronium ion concentration to determine the pH value of a solution.

3. Importance of pH Calculation

Details: pH calculation is essential for understanding chemical properties of solutions, biological systems, environmental monitoring, and various industrial processes.

4. Using the Calculator

Tips: Enter hydronium ion concentration in mol/L. The value must be valid (concentration > 0).

5. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

Q1: What is the range of pH values?
A: pH values typically range from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Values below 7 indicate acidity, while values above 7 indicate basicity.

Q2: Why use logarithmic scale for pH?
A: The logarithmic scale compresses the wide range of hydrogen ion concentrations into a more manageable scale and reflects the logarithmic nature of acid-base reactions.

Q3: What are typical pH values for common substances?
A: Battery acid ~0.5, lemon juice ~2.0, pure water ~7.0, seawater ~8.0, baking soda ~9.0, ammonia ~11.0.

Q4: Are there limitations to pH calculation?
A: The calculation assumes ideal conditions and may not account for temperature effects, ionic strength, or specific ion interactions in complex solutions.

Q5: How accurate is this calculation?
A: The calculation provides theoretical pH values. Actual measurements may vary due to experimental conditions and measurement techniques.